Dysfunctional Family Without Alcoholism but Same Effects on Children

Type of family

A dysfunctional family affects familial ties and creates conflicts in the same family space.

A dysfunctional family is a family in which disharmonize, misbehavior, and oft child neglect or abuse on the function of individual parents occur continuously and regularly, leading other members to accommodate such actions. Children sometimes grow up in such families with the understanding that such a situation is normal. Dysfunctional families are primarily a result of two adults, one typically overtly abusive and the other codependent, and may also be affected by substance abuse or other forms of addiction, or sometimes by an untreated mental illness. Parents having grown upwards in a dysfunctional family unit may over-correct or emulate their own parents. In some cases, the ascendant parent will abuse or neglect their children and the other parent will not object, misleading a child to assume arraign.^[1]

Perceptions and historical context [edit]

A mutual misperception of dysfunctional families is the mistaken belief that the parents are on the verge of separation and divorce. While this is true in a few cases, often the marital satisfaction is very stiff as the parents' faults really complement each other.^[2] In brusk, they have nowhere else to become. All the same, this does not necessarily mean the family's situation is stable. Whatever major stressor, such as relocation, unemployment/underemployment, physical or mental illness, natural disaster, etc., can cause existing difficulties affecting the children to get much worse.^{[3] [ need quotation to verify ]}

Dysfunctional families pervade all strata of society regardless of social, financial or intellectual status.^{[ citation needed ]} Withal, until recent decades,^{[ timeframe? ]} professionals (therapists, social workers, teachers, counselors, clergy, etc.) did not take the concept of a dysfunctional family unit seriously , particularly not with reference to the eye and upper classes. Any intervention would have been seen^{[ past whom? ]} as violating the sanctity of marriage and increasing the probability of divorce, which was socially unacceptable at the time.^{[ when? ]} Historically, club expected the children of dysfunctional families to obey their parents (ultimately the father), and to cope with the situation alone.^{[iv] [ failed verification ] [v] [ need quotation to verify ]}

Examples [edit]

Dysfunctional family members have common features and beliefs patterns as a result of their experiences within the family structure. This tends to reinforce the dysfunctional behavior, either through enabling or perpetuation. The family unit unit of measurement can be afflicted by a diversity of factors.^[half-dozen]

Common features [edit]

Nearly universal [edit]

Some features are common to most dysfunctional families:

• Lack of empathy, understanding, and sensitivity towards certain family members, while expressing extreme empathy or appeasement towards one or more members who accept real or perceived "special needs". In other words, one family member continuously receives far more than they deserve, while another is marginalized.
• Denial (refusal to acknowledge abusive behavior, possibly assertive that the situation is normal or even beneficial; as well known as the "elephant in the room".)
• Inadequate or missing boundaries for cocky (e.g. tolerating inappropriate handling from others, failing to limited what is acceptable and unacceptable treatment, tolerance of physical, emotional or sexual abuse.)
• Disrespect of others' boundaries (e.g. physical contact that other person dislikes; breaking important promises without only cause; purposefully violating a boundary another person has expressed.)
• Extremes in conflict (either as well much fighting or insufficient peaceful arguing betwixt family unit members.)
• Unequal or unfair treatment of one or more family members due to their birth order, gender, historic period, family unit office (female parent, etc.), abilities, race, degree, etc. (may include frequent appeasement of one member at the expense of others, or an uneven/inconsistent enforcement of rules.)

Not universal [edit]

Though non universal among dysfunctional families, and by no means exclusive to them, the following features are typical of dysfunctional families:

• Abnormally high levels of jealousy or other controlling behaviors.
• Conflict influenced by marital status:
  • Between separated or divorced parents, usually related to, or arising from their breakdown.
  • Conflict between parents who remain married, frequently for the perceived "sake" of the children, just whose separation or divorce would in fact remove a detrimental influence on those children (must be evaluated on a example-by-case ground, as a breakup may impairment children.)
  • Parents who wish to divorce, but cannot due to financial, societal (including religious), or legal reasons.
• Children afraid to talk (within or outside the family) about what is happening at home, or are otherwise fearful of their parents.
• Abnormal sexual beliefs such every bit adultery, promiscuity, or incest.
• Lack of time spent together, particularly in recreational activities and social events ("We never exercise anything as a family unit.")
• Parents insist that they care for their children fairly and deservedly when that is not the case.
• Family members (including children) who disown each other, or turn down to exist seen together in public (either unilaterally or bilaterally.)

Specific examples [edit]

In many cases, the following would cause a family to be dysfunctional:^[vii]

• Families with older parents or immigrant parents who cannot cope with irresolute times or a different culture.
• A parent of the same sex never intercedes in male parent–daughter/mother–son relations on behalf of the child.
• Children who have no contact with the extended family of their mother or father due to disharmony, disagreement, prejudice, feuding, etc.
• A family with one or more rebellious children at whom parents are chronically angry, wherein non-rebellious children have to "walk on eggshells" to avoid spillover effects of the parents' anger.
• An intense rift, extending beyond mere disagreement of opinion to personal animosity betwixt family members regarding ideology (e.k. children's disagreement with their parents' religious beliefs; a family fellow member having an ballgame while other members sharply object; parents who support their land existence at war, while children do not.)

Laundry Listing [edit]

The Laundry List is core literature of the plan Adult Children of Alcoholics. It comprises xiv common traits of an adult kid of an alcoholic or otherwise dysfunctional family unit:

1. Nosotros became approving seekers and lost our identity in the process.
2. Nosotros are frightened by angry people and any personal criticism.
3. Nosotros either become alcoholics, marry them or both, or observe some other compulsive personality such as a workaholic to fulfill our sick abandonment needs.
4. We live life from the viewpoint of victims and we are attracted by that weakness in our honey and friendship relationships.
5. We have an overdeveloped sense of responsibility and information technology is easier for us to be concerned with others rather than ourselves; this enables us not to look too closely at our own faults, etc.
6. We get guilt feelings when nosotros stand up up for ourselves instead of giving in to others.
7. Nosotros became addicted to excitement.
8. Nosotros confuse love and compassion and tend to "love" people nosotros can "pity" and "rescue."
9. Nosotros take "stuffed" our feelings from our traumatic childhoods and have lost the ability to feel or express our feelings considering it hurts so much (denial).
10. Nosotros judge ourselves harshly and accept a very low sense of self-esteem.
11. Nosotros are dependent personalities who are terrified of abandonment and volition do anything to hold on to a human relationship in order not to experience painful abandonment feelings, which we received from living with sick people who were never there emotionally for us.
12. Alcoholism is a family disease, and nosotros became para-alcoholics and took on the characteristics of that disease even though nosotros did non pick upward the drink.
13. Para-alcoholics are reactors rather than actors.

Parenting [edit]

Unhealthy signs [edit]

Unhealthy parenting signs, which could lead to a family unit becoming dysfunctional include:^[8]

• Unrealistic expectations
• Ridicule^[9]
• Provisional love^[9]
• Disrespect;^[9] especially antipathy.
• Emotional intolerance (family members not immune to limited the "wrong" emotions.)^[9]
• Social dysfunction or isolation^[9] (for case, parents unwilling to reach out to other families—especially those with children of the same gender and approximate historic period, or practise zilch to help their "friendless" child.)
• Stifled speech (children not allowed to dissent or question authorization.)^[9]
• Denial of an "inner life" (children are not allowed to develop their own value systems.)^[9]
• Beingness under- or over-protective
• Apathy ("I don't care!")
• Belittling ("Yous tin can't practise anything right!")
• Shame ("Shame on y'all!")
• Bitterness (regardless of what is said, using a bitter tone of voice.)
• Hypocrisy ("Do as I say, not as I do.")
• Lack of forgiveness for pocket-size misdeeds or accidents
• Judgmental statements or demonization ("Yous are a liar!")
• Being overly critical and withholding proper praise. (experts say 80–90% praise, and 10–twenty% constructive criticism is the well-nigh healthy.)^{[ten] [11]}
• Double standards or giving "mixed messages" by having a dual system of values (i.e. i gear up for the outside earth, another when in private, or teaching divergent values to each child.)
• The absentee parent (seldom available for their child due to work overload, booze/drug abuse, gambling, or other addictions.)
• Unfulfilled projects, activities, and promises affecting children ("We'll do information technology later.")
• Giving to one child what rightly belongs to another
• Gender prejudice (treats one gender of children fairly; the other unfairly.)
• Word and exposure to sexuality: either besides much, also soon or too piddling, besides late
• Faulty subject based more than on emotions or family politics than on established rules (e.g., punishment by "surprise".)
• Having an unpredictable emotional country due to substance abuse, personality disorder(south), or stress
• Parents e'er (or never) take their children'due south side when others report acts of misbehavior, or teachers report problems at school
• Scapegoating (knowingly or recklessly blaming i child for the misdeeds of some other)
• "Tunnel vision" diagnosis of children's problems (for instance, a parent may think their child is either lazy or has learning disabilities later on he falls behind in schoolhouse despite contempo absence due to illness.)
• Older siblings given either no or excessive authority over younger siblings with respect to their historic period deviation and level of maturity.
• Frequent withholding of consent ("blessing") for culturally common, lawful, and age-appropriate activities a child wants to accept function in
• The "know-information technology-all" (has no demand to obtain child's side of the story when accusing, or heed to child's opinions on matters which greatly bear on them.)
• Regularly forcing children to attend activities for which they are extremely over- or under-qualified (due east.chiliad. using a preschool to babysit a typical nine-yr-old boy, taking a immature child to poker games, etc.)
• Either existence a miser ("scrooge") in totality or selectively allowing children's needs to get unmet (e.g. a father will not buy a bicycle for his son because he wants to save money for retirement or "something of import".)
• Disagreements about nature and nurture (parents, often non-biological, blame common problems on child'southward heredity, when faulty parenting may be the bodily crusade.)

Dysfunctional styles^[12] [edit]

"Children as pawns" [edit]

One common dysfunctional parental behavior is a parent's manipulation of a child in order to achieve some outcome adverse to the other parent'due south rights or interests. Examples include verbal manipulation such equally spreading gossip about the other parent, communicating with the parent through the kid (and in the process exposing the child to the risks of the other parent's displeasure with that advice) rather than doing and so directly, trying to obtain data through the child (spying), or causing the child to dislike the other parent, with insufficient or no concern for the dissentious effects of the parent's behavior on the child. While many instances of such manipulation occur in shared custody situations that have resulted from separation or divorce, it tin also accept identify in intact families, where information technology is known equally triangulation.

Listing of other dysfunctional styles [edit]

• "Using" (destructively narcissistic parents who rule past fright and provisional dear.)
• Abusing (parents who use concrete violence, or emotionally, or sexually abuse their children.)
• Perfectionist (fixating on order, prestige, power, or perfect appearances, while preventing their child from failing at anything.)
• Dogmatic or cult-like (harsh and inflexible discipline, with children not allowed, inside reason, to dissent, question authority, or develop their ain value arrangement.)
• Caitiff parenting (going to extremes for 1 child while continually ignoring the needs of another.)
• Deprivation (command or neglect past withholding love, support, necessities, sympathy, praise, attention, encouragement, supervision, or otherwise putting their children's well-beingness at gamble.)
• Corruption amidst siblings (parents fail to arbitrate when a sibling physically or sexually abuses another sibling.)
• Abandonment (a parent who willfully separates from their children, non wishing any further contact, and in some cases without locating alternative, long-term parenting arrangements, leaving them as orphans.)
• Appeasement (parents who reward bad behavior—even by their own standards—and inevitably punish some other child's expert behavior in order to maintain the peace and avoid atmosphere tantrums. "Peace at whatever price.")
• Loyalty manipulation (giving unearned rewards and lavish attention trying to ensure a favored, nevertheless rebellious child volition be the one most loyal and well-behaved, while subtly ignoring the wants and needs of their most loyal child currently.)
• "Helicopter parenting" (parents who micro-manage their children's lives or relationships among siblings—particularly minor conflicts.)
• "The deceivers" (well-regarded parents in the community, likely to be involved in some charitable/not-profit works, who abuse or mistreat one or more of their children.)
• "Public image manager" (sometimes related to above, children warned to non disclose what fights, abuse, or impairment happens at home, or face severe punishment "Don't tell anyone what goes on in this family".)
• "The paranoid parent" (a parent having persistent and irrational fearfulness accompanied by anger and false accusations that their child is upwards to no good or others are plotting damage.)
• "No friends immune" (parents discourage, prohibit, or interfere with their child from making friends of the same age and gender.)
• Office reversal (parents who await their pocket-size children to take intendance of them instead.)
• "Not your business" (children continuously told that a particular brother or sister who is oftentimes causing problems is none of their concern.)
• Ultra-egalitarianism (either a much younger kid is permitted to do whatever an older child may, or an older kid must look years until a younger child is mature enough.)
• "The guard canis familiaris" (a parent who blindly attacks family members perceived as causing the slightest upset to their esteemed spouse, partner, or kid.)
• "My baby forever" (a parent who will not let 1 or more than of their young children to grow up and begin taking care of themselves.)
• "The cheerleader" (i parent "thank you on" the other parent who is simultaneously abusing their child.)
• "Along for the ride" (a reluctant de facto, step, foster, or adoptive parent who does not truly care about their non-biological child, but must co-exist in the same home for the sake of their spouse or partner) (Run into also: Cinderella issue).
• "The pol" (a parent who repeatedly makes or agrees to children's promises while having niggling to no intention of keeping them.)
• "It's taboo" (parents rebuff any questions children may have about sexuality, pregnancy, romance, puberty, certain areas of man anatomy, nudity, etc.)
• Identified patient (one child, usually selected past the mother, who is forced into going to therapy while the family unit's overall dysfunction is kept subconscious.)
• Münchausen syndrome by proxy (a much more extreme situation than above, where the kid is intentionally fabricated ill past a parent seeking attention from physicians and other professionals.)

Dynamical [edit]

Coalitions are subsystems inside families with more rigid boundaries and are idea to be a sign of family dysfunction.^[13]

• The isolated family unit member (either a parent or child upwards against the rest of the otherwise united family.)
• Parent vs. parent (frequent fights amongst adults, whether married, divorced, or separated, conducted abroad from the children.)
• The polarized family (a parent and ane or more children on each side of the conflict.)
• Parents vs. kids (intergenerational disharmonize, generation gap or culture stupor dysfunction.)
• The balkanized family unit (named after the 3-style war in the Balkans where alliances shift back and along.)
• Free-for-all (a family that fights in a "free-for-all" style, though may go polarized when range of possible choices is express.)

Children [edit]

Unlike divorce, and to a bottom extent, separation, there is often no record of an "intact" family being dysfunctional. Every bit a event, friends, relatives, and teachers of such children may exist completely unaware of the situation. In add-on, a child may be unfairly blamed for the family's dysfunction, and placed under even greater stress than those whose parents divide.

The 6 bones roles [edit]

Children growing up in a dysfunctional family have been known to adopt or exist assigned one or more of the post-obit six basic roles:^{[14] [15]}

• The Golden Child (also known every bit the Hero or Superkid ^[16]): a kid who becomes a high achiever or overachiever outside the family unit (e.g., in academics or athletics) as a ways of escaping the dysfunctional family environs, defining themselves independently of their role in the dysfunctional family, currying favor with parents, or shielding themselves from criticism by family members.
• The Problem Child, Insubordinate, or Truth Teller:^[17] the child who a) causes most issues related to the family unit'south dysfunction or b) "acts out" in response to preexisting family dysfunction, in the latter case often in an attempt to divert attention paid to another member who exhibits a blueprint of like misbehavior.
  • A variant of the "problem child" role is the Scapegoat, who is unjustifiably assigned the "problem child" role by others within the family or fifty-fifty wrongfully blamed past other family unit members for those members' own individual or collective dysfunction, frequently despite being the simply emotionally stable member of the family.
• The Flagman: the one who takes responsibility for the emotional well-beingness of the family, often assuming a parental office; the intra-familial analogue of the "Adept Kid"/"Superkid."
• The Lost Kid or Passive Kid:^[18] the inconspicuous, introverted, quiet one, whose needs are usually ignored or hidden.
• The Mascot or Family Clown:^[19] uses comedy to divert attending away from the increasingly dysfunctional family organization.
• The Mastermind: the opportunist who capitalizes on the other family members' faults to become whatever they want; oftentimes the object of appeasement by grown-ups.

Effects on children [edit]

Children of dysfunctional families, either at the fourth dimension, or as they grow older, may too:^[14]

• Lack the ability to be playful, or childlike, and may "grow up too fast"; conversely they may grow upwards likewise slowly, or be in a mixed mode (e.yard. well-behaved, but unable to intendance for themselves.)
• Have moderate to severe mental wellness problems, including possible depression, anxiety,^[20] and suicidal thoughts.
• Become addicted to drugs, including cigarettes or alcohol, especially if parents or friends have washed the same.
• Developing behavioral addictions to such things like gambling, excessive spending, video games, pornography, or food; the latter frequently resulting in obesity or/and other physical health issues.
• Groovy or harass others, or be an easy victim thereof (possibly taking a dual part in different settings.)
• Exist in deprival regarding the severity of the family unit's situation.
• Take mixed feelings of love–hate towards certain family members.
• Get a sex offender, possibly including pedophilia.^[21]
• Have difficulty forming healthy relationships within their peer group (ordinarily due to shyness or a personality disorder.)
• Spend an inordinate amount of time solitary watching boob tube, playing video games, surfing the Internet, listening to music, going out for tardily nighttime drives alone, and engaging in other activities which lack in-person social interaction.
• Feel angry, anxious, depressed, isolated from others, or unlovable.
• Have a speech communication disorder (related to emotional corruption.)^[22]
• Distrust others or fifty-fifty accept paranoia.
• Become a juvenile delinquent and turn to a life of criminal offence (with or without dropping out of school), and maybe become a gang fellow member as well.
• Struggle academically at school or academic performance declines unexpectedly.
• Have low cocky-esteem or a poor self image with difficulty expressing emotions.
• Do not pay shut attention to their own physical or mental health
• May exist at risk of self-harm or suicide.
• Exhibits lack of organisation in their day to day lives.
• Rebel against parental say-so, or conversely, uphold their family's values in the confront of peer pressure level, or even try to take an incommunicable "center ground" that pleases no i.
• Turning the tables by abusing their abusive elderly parents, upon the sometime reaching adulthood.
• Call back but of themselves to brand up the divergence of their childhoods (as they are even so learning the balance of self-love.)
• Have little self-subject area when parents are non effectually, such as compulsive spending, procrastinating as well close to deadlines, etc. (unfamiliar, inchoate, and seemingly lax or avoidable real-earth consequences vs. known, physical, and rigidly imposed parental consequences.)
• Notice an (often calumniating) spouse or partner at a young historic period, or run away from home.
• Get meaning or a parent of illegitimate children.
• Be at gamble of becoming poor or homeless, fifty-fifty if the family is already wealthy or heart-class.
• Alive a reclusive lifestyle without any spouse, partner, children, or friends.
• Have automobile-destructive or potentially self-damaging behaviors.
• Join a cult to observe the acceptance they never had at habitation, or at a minimum, have differing philosophical or religious beliefs from what they were previously taught.
• Strive (as young adults) to live far away from particular family members or the family as a whole, peradventure spending much more than fourth dimension with extended family.
• Perpetuate dysfunctional behaviors in other relationships (especially their own children.)

In popular culture [edit]

• Films well-nigh dysfunctional families
• Telly series near dysfunctional families
  • Animated television set series about dysfunctional families

See also [edit]

• Rotten kid theorem
• Abnormality (behavior)
• Alcoholism in family systems
• Domestic violence
• Family unit nexus
• Family unit therapy
• Harry Stack Sullivan
• Identified patient
• Karpman Drama Triangle
• Multisystemic therapy (MST)
• Narcissistic parent
• Parental alienation
• Parenting styles
• Psychological manipulation
• Factitious disorder imposed on another

References [edit]

1. ^ Masteller, James; Stoop, David (1991). "The Blame Game". Forgiving Our Parents, Forgiving Ourselves: Healing Adult Children of Dysfunctional Families (revised and updated ed.). ReadHowYouWant.com (published 2011). p. 222. ISBN9781459622937 . Retrieved 20 October 2019. People who grew upward in dysfunctional families ofttimes feel that everything that goes wrong in the world is their fault.
2. ^ Xiang, Shiyuan; Liu, Yan; Lu, Yitian; Bai, Lu; Xu, Shenghan (February 2020). "Exploring the family origins of adolescent dysfunctional separation–individuation". Journal of Child and Family Studies. 29 (ii): 382–391. doi:x.1007/s10826-019-01644-due west. ISSN 1062-1024.
3. ^ Kerr, Michael E.; Bowen, Murray (1988-ten-17). Family unit Evaluation: an approach based on Bowen theory. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN978-0393700565.
4. ^ Millett, Kate (1998). "The Theory of Sexual Politics". In Marsh, Ian; Campbell, Rosie; Keating, Mike (eds.). Archetype and Gimmicky Readings in Sociology. Routledge. doi:10.4324/9781315840154. ISBN978-0582320239. Archived from the original on 2015-05-xix. Retrieved 2015-01-25 .
5. ^ Napier, Nancy J. (Apr 1990). Recreating Your Self: Help for Adult Children of Dysfunctional Families. ISBN978-0393028423.
6. ^ Kaslow, Florence Due west. (January 1996). Handbook of Relational Diagnosis and Dysfunctional Family unit Patterns. Wiley-Interscience. ISBN978-0471080787.
7. ^ Hsieh, Yi-Ping; Shen, April Chiung-Tao; Hwa, Hsiao-Lin; Wei, Hsi-Sheng; Feng, Jui-Ying; Huang, Soar Ching-Yu (Jan 2021). "Associations Between Kid Maltreatment, Dysfunctional Family unit Environment, Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder and Children's Bullying Perpetration in a National Representative Sample in Taiwan". Periodical of Family Violence. 36 (one): 27–36. doi:x.1007/s10896-020-00144-6. ISSN 0885-7482.
8. ^ Blair, Justice; Blair, Rita (Apr 1990). The Abusing Family unit (Revised ed.). Insight Books. ISBN978-0306434419.
9. ^ ^{a b c d due east f g} Neuharth, Dan (1999). If You Had Controlling Parents: How to Brand Peace with Your Past and Take Your Identify in the World. Diane Publishing Company. ISBN978-0788193835.
10. ^ "Praise, encouragement and rewards". Raising Children Network. 2011-04-10. Archived from the original on 2019-03-28.
11. ^ [ix] https://www.lifehack.org/350678/13-signs-toxic-parent-that-many-people-dont-realize
12. ^ Kagan, Richard; Schlosberg, Shirley (1989-03-17). Families in Perpetual Crisis. W. West. Norton & Company. ISBN978-0393700664.
13. ^ Whiteman, Shawn D.; McHale, Susan M.; Soli, Anna."Theoretical Perspectives on Sibling Relationships" Archived 2017-11-fifteen at the Wayback Machine, J Fam Theory Rev., 2012 Jun i; Vol. 3, No. two, pp. 124–139, PMC 3127252.
14. ^ ^{a b} Forgiving Our Parents: For Adult Children from Dysfunctional Families by Dwight Lee Wolter c. 1995.^{[ full citation needed ]} Except where individually noted
15. ^ Polson, Beth; Newton, Miller (1984). Not My Child: A Family's Guide to Kids and Drugs. Arbor Books / Kids of North Jersey Nurses. ISBN978-0877956334.
16. ^ Polson and Newton, pp. 81–84
17. ^ [Polson and Newton, pp. 84–85]
18. ^ Polson and Newton, pp. 86–90
19. ^ Polson and Newton, pp. 85–86
20. ^ "Expert parents 'buffer' their kids' minds". The Sydney Forenoon Herald. AAP. 2010-09-21. Archived from the original on 2018-03-24. Retrieved 2012-06-13 .
21. ^ Glasser, Thousand.; Kolvin, I.; Campbell, D.; Glasser, A.; Leitch, I.; Farrelly, S. (December 2001). "Wheel of kid sexual abuse: Links betwixt being a victim and becoming a perpetrator". The British Journal of Psychiatry. 179 (6): 482–494. doi:10.1192/bjp.179.6.482. PMID 11731348.
22. ^ "Child Abuse". Long Beach Fire Section Preparation Center. 2009-09-19. Archived from the original on 2010-01-31.

Further reading [edit]

• Lundy Bancroft, "Why Does He Practice That? Inside the Minds of Angry and Controlling Men" 2002 Berkley Books, ISBN 0-399-14844-2
• John Bradshaw, Healing the Shame That Binds You
• John Bradshaw, Homecoming: Reclaiming and Healing Your Inner Child
• John Bradshaw, Bradshaw On: The Family
• Stephanie Donaldson-Pressman, The Narcissistic Family. Diagnosis and Treatment
• Beth Polson and Miller Newton, Not My Kid: A Family unit's Guide to Kids and Drugs, Arbor Books / Kids of North Bailiwick of jersey Nurses, 1984, ISBN 978-0877956334,
• Charles L. Whitfield, Healing the Child Within: Discovery and Recovery for Adult Children of Dysfunctional Families

External links [edit]

kolodziejpowelt.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dysfunctional_family